And now for something unrelated to the Red Sox (for a moment). On the strength of Cosma’s recommendation, I picked up Karl Sigmund’s book Games of Life and can’t put it down. It’s really a delightful read, and I do mean “delightful”; it’s rare for a book to produce in me a feeling of wicked fun, a sense that my mind is expanding, and an appreciation for the author’s literary gifts. Sigmund writes about theoretical biology with the gifts of a poet — this from a man whose previous books include Ergodic Theory on Compact Spaces and The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems. I’ve gone racing to the footnotes at least 20 times by now, really curious about where to find further reading on the various topics he hits in this book. Fortunately, one of my personal gods, R.A. Fisher, is among those whose books seem essential to population biology, so I think I’ll have an easier time getting into it.
One of Sigmund’s main ideas is that a simple model coming from a thought experiment can be worth an awful lot, even if it strips away most of the detail that makes the real-world problem so complicated. At the very least, the model gets you started with refutable answers. Also, stripping away complexity often gives you a view of an actual phenomenon, not just an idealized abstraction. Sigmund uses the approach to great effect. Combine it with his literary gifts, and you get vignettes like this one about the German eugenics program:
The recipe sounds so simple: just sterilize all those with genetic defects. In other words, if someone’s fitness was less than 100 per cent, reduce it all the way to zero. A human sterilization programme is a horrible crime, of course, but quite in line with other Nazi measures. Some Reichsamt für Erbhygiene would see to it, and purge the Volk of all unwanted traits.
But let us compute. What would happen if a top-ranking eugenicist was struck by a violent aversion to albinism, for instance (which is not a ‘defect’, by the way), and decided to sterilize all albinos forthwith? One person in 20 000 is an albino . . . But the allele for albinism is recessive. It works only in double dose. From Hardy-Weinberg it follows that one gene in 140 is such an allele, since 140 × 140 is (roughly) 20 000. Since an offspring can receive this allele from each parent, one person in 70 will carry it. Sterilizing all albinos results in sterilizing only one in 280 bearers of the gene. To reduce the frequency of albinism by one half — a rather modest aim for our eugenicist — a rigorous sterilization programme would have to be applied during some 60 generations, which is considerably longer than the 1 000 years planned for the Third Reich.
(Internal footnotes omitted.) Part of what draws me to science and math is summarized quite nicely in the paragraph above. It’s the “let me take your argument and make it into something concrete; then let me eviscerate it” school of arguing. Science, to me, is a way of overcoming modes of thought that are (paraphrasing Steven Pinker from memory) “not even precise enough to be false.” Sigmund takes this approach and makes it playful.
Observant readers of the sidebar (and I know there’s at least one) will note that The Gulag Archipelago has been there for a long time. It’s a great book; it really is. It’s also unbearable. It is story after story about the horrors of the Soviet prison system — the tortures, the starvation, the endless arrests and re-arrests — which I started to read just after I finished a book (The Hungry Ghosts, also a Cosma recommendation) about torture and starvation and endless arrests in China during at least the first half of the Communist era. It is really, really hard for me to get through The Gulag Archipelago, so I read about five pages per month. It’s a great book, though, and eventually it’s going to lead me to a more thorough understanding of the Russian Revolution, the Czarist era, and the structure of Communist countries generally. (I ordered The Road To Serfdom from the library and got the Readers’ Digest Condensed Edition. That will need to be fixed before I start it.)
Finally, I borrowed a copy of D’Arcy Thompson’s On Growth And Form from my friend Seth, on Seth’s recommendation and Cosma’s. The latter wrote
Might not something even blinder — more mechanical, more mindless, more unclubbable — than natural selection yet be able to create patterns and organization?
Enter snowflakes. Enter, also, D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, who in 1917 published a book, On Growth and Form, which has haunted all discussion of these matters ever since. Thompson’s aimed to show that huge chunks of biology are simply the consequences of physics and (less often) chemistry. When he wrote that “the form of an object is a ‘diagram of forces,’ in this sense at least, that from it we can judge of or deduce the forces that are acting or have acted upon it,” he meant forces. His accounts of the physics behind morphogenesis were ingenious, extremely elegant, very convincing and, significantly, aimed at very large features of the organism: the architecture of the skeleton, the curve of horns or shells, the outline of the organism as a whole. Most of us are resigned to abandoning biochemical details to crawling molecular chaos, but these are supposed to be more mysterious and inspiring affairs. Thompson tried to explain them using little that a second-year physics undergrad wouldn’t know. (Thompson’s anti-reductionist admirers seldom put it this way.) In particular, Thompson made a point of not invoking natural selection, indeed of leaving any kind of history out of the story. “A snow-crystal is the same today as when the first snows fell”: so, too, the basic forces acting upon organisms, so why bring history into it? The early years of this century are littered with biologists with little use for natural selection; they are now almost all deservedly forgotten. Thompson owes his continuing influence to the fact that his alternative doesn’t beg questions at every turn. (Also, of course, he wrote beautifully, better than the poets of his day.)
How could I not be excited by this?
So you see, my mind really can still concern itself with things other than baseball — anytime before about 7:30 p.m., at least. Thereafter, it’s all over.